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In the recently published AFS book _Standard Methods for Sampling North
American Freshwater Fishes_ there is the following statement in one section
re: the use of redd counts (p. 122):

"In some cases, eggs could be broadcast directly into the substrate with no
redd construction.  To our knowledge, this behavior is not well documented
for stream-living salmons and trouts, but field observations (e.g., lack of
observable redds in streams with high juvenile recruitment) indicate that
this is a distinct possibility."

The field observations mentioned in this quote are consistent with some of
my (albeit limited) observations (or interpretations) in some local streams.
 Does anyone have a reference for this behavior or, in the lack of that,
does anyone have an observation or opinion about this quote.

Thanks in advance for any help or discussion.

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